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1.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 43: e51425, 2021. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460973

ABSTRACT

The herbicide Dormex®, a solution of hydrogen cyanamide, is a growth regulator capable of breaking the dormancy of fruit plants, and is commonly applied in agriculture. However, the biological effects of this product on non-target organisms are unknown. The present study investigated the biological response of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) specimens exposed to Dormex® using a chromosome aberration test, the mitotic index, and the histological analysis of the gills. Forty specimens of Astyanax lacustris were obtained from a local breeding facility and divided into 10 groups (nine experimental and one control) with four fish in each aquarium (group). The control group was maintained for 24 hours in dechlorinated water while the experimental groups were allocated to one of nine different treatments, with three concentrations of Dormex®, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mL L-1, and exposure for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The fish exposed to Dormex® presented chromosomal aberrations of a number of types, including chromosomal breaks, acentric fragments, decondensation, and gaps at the three Dormex® concentrations, at all exposure times. The mitotic index decreased significantly in comparison with the control group. The histological preparations of the gills revealed alterations such as hyperplasia, and lamellar fusion and edema, whereas in the control group the structure of the gills was preserved. The cytogenetic analysis revealed the genotoxic potential of the herbicide Dormex® and the morphological alterations of the gills demonstrated the sensitivity of the fish, which responded rapidly to the stressor. These findings reinforce the need for special care and restrictions on the use of these herbicides in agricultural areas located near aquatic environments.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cytogenetic Analysis/veterinary , Biomarkers, Pharmacological , Characidae/anatomy & histology , Characidae/genetics , Hydrogen Cyanide/analysis , Herbicides
2.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 39(1): 20-24, Jan. 2019. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-990237

ABSTRACT

This study reports the epidemiological data and the clinical-pathological condition of five outbreaks of cyanogenic poisoning in cattle spontaneously ingesting star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). In all outbreaks, the areas where the plant was previously fertilized with high concentrations of nitrogen and the properties adopted the silvipastoral system. The first clinical signs appeared between 10 and 15 minutes after the first introduction of cattle and were characterized by muscular tremors, dyspnea, moderate tympanism, staggering gait, forced breathing with open mouth, sternal recumbency followed by death after 15 to 30 minutes and/or recovery in a few hours after the signs started. In total, 43 cows have become ill and 18 died. Two necropsies were performed and no significant changes were found except for the presence of the plant near the esophageal sphincter region. No histological lesions were seen through microscopy. Green leaves of the star grass were collected from all properties where the outbreaks occurred and the test of the picro-sodium paper was performed, revealing red-brick coloration in 20 minutes after maceration of the leaves.(AU)


Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos e quadro clínico-patológico de cinco surtos de intoxicação cianogênica em bovinos que ingeriram espontaneamente grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). Em todos os surtos, as áreas onde a planta se encontrava haviam sido previamente adubadas com altas concentrações de nitrogênio e as propriedades adotavam o sistema silvipastoril com Eucaliptus sp. Os primeiros sinais clínicos surgiram entre 10 e 15 minutos após a primeira introdução dos bovinos e caracterizou-se por tremores musculares, dispneia, timpanismo moderado, andar cambaleante, respiração forçada com a boca aberta, decúbito esternal seguido de morte após 15 a 30 minutos e/ou, recuperação em poucas horas após início dos sinais. No total, adoeceram 43 vacas e destas 18 morreram. Duas necropsias foram realizadas e não foram encontradas alterações significativas, exceto a presença da planta próxima a região do esfíncter esofágico. Através da microscopia não foram visualizadas lesões histológicas. Folhas verdes da grama estrela foram coletadas de todas as propriedades onde os surtos ocorreram e realizadas o teste do papel picro-sódico, o qual revelou coloração vermelho-tijolo em 20 minutos após maceração das folhas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Cattle , Hydrogen Cyanide/poisoning , Cynodon/poisoning
3.
Fisioter. Mov. (Online) ; 31: e003103, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-892081

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Lung injuries from toxic smoke inhalation are the main causes of death in fire victims; however, information regarding the acute effects on the respiratory system after smoke inhalation and its constituents in closed environments are still scarce in literature. Objective: To investigate the acute clinical manifestations observed in victims of smoke inhalation during enclosed-space fires by means of systematic review. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science. There were no appliedrestrictions in terms of thepublication date. In addition, a manual search was performed on the references of published studies. Observational studies assessing the prevalence of acute clinical manifestations in victims of toxic smoke inhalation in closed environments were included. Results: Of the 4,603 articles identified, eight were included, comprising a total of 233 patients. The signs and symptoms were identified and ranked according to frequency. Dyspnea (58.80%, six studies), carbonaceous sputum (54.51%, four studies), hoarseness (39.91%, three studies), wheezing (34.33%, five studies) and sore throat (33.90%, two studies) were the most frequent acute clinical manifestations of smoke inhalation. Besides these, chest pain and pulmonary edema were observed, respectively in 13.30%, 5.15% of the studies. Conclusion: The results suggest that dyspnea, carbonaceous sputum, hoarseness, wheezing and sore throat were the most frequent acute clinical manifestations in victims of smoke inhalation. Further studies of a higher level of evidence and greater methodological rigor are required.


Resumo Introdução: As lesões pulmonares decorrentes da inalação de fumaça tóxica são as principais causas de morte em vítimas de incêndio; no entanto, informações a respeito das repercussões agudas no sistema respiratório decorrentes da inalação de fumaça e seus constituintes em ambientes fechados ainda são escassas na literatura. Objetivo: Investigar as manifestações clínicas agudas observadas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica em ambientes fechados através de uma revisão sistemática. Métodos: Uma pesquisa sistemática foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. Não houve restrições quanto ao ano de publicação. Além disso, realizou-se uma pesquisa em referências de estudos publicados. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais que avaliaram a prevalência das manifestações clínicas agudas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica em ambientes fechados. Resultados: Dos 4.603 artigos encontrados, oito foram incluídos, compreendendo um total de 233 pacientes. Os sinais e sintomas foram identificados e classificados de acordo com a frequência com que apareceram nos estudos incluídos. Dispneia (58,80%, seis estudos), escarro carbonáceo (54,51%, quatro estudos), disfonia (39,91%, três estudos), sibilância (34,33%, cinco estudos) e dor de garganta (33,90%, dois estudos) foram as manifestações clínicas agudas mais frequentes de inalação de fumaça. Além disso, dor torácica e edema pulmonar foram observados, respectivamente em 13,30% e 5,15% dos estudos. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que dispneia, escarro carbonáceo, disfonia, sibilância e dor de garganta foram as manifestações clínicas agudas mais frequentes nas vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica. São necessários novos estudos com alto nível de evidência e melhor rigor metodológico.


Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones pulmonares producidas por la inhalación de humo son las principales causas de muerte entre las víctimas de fuego, sin embargo, informaciones con respeto de las repercusiones agudas en el sistema respiratorio derivadas de la inhalación de humo y sus constituyentes en ambientes cerrados siguen escasas en la literatura. Objetivo: Investigar las manifestaciones clínicas agudas observadas en víctimas de inhalación de humo en ambientes cerrados a través de una revisión sistemática. Métodos: Una pesquisa sistemática fue realizada en las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus y Web of Science. No hubo restricciones con relación al año de publicación. Además, se realizó una pesquisa en referencias de estudios publicados. Fueron incluidos estudios observacionales que evaluaron la prevalencia de las manifestaciones clínicas agudas en víctimas de inhalación de humo tóxico en ambientes cerrados. Resultados: De los 4.603 artículos encontrados, ocho fueron incluidos, comprendiendo un total de 233 pacientes. Los signos y síntomas fueron identificados y clasificados de acuerdo con la frecuencia con que aparecieron en los estudios incluidos. Disnea (58,80%, seis estudios), esputo carbonáceo (54,51%, cuatro estudios), disfonía (39,91%, tres estudios), sibilancia (34,33%, cinco estudios) y dolor de garganta (33,90%, de los estudios) han sido las manifestaciones clínicas agudas más frecuentes de la inhalación de humo. Además, dolor torácico y edema pulmonar han sido observados, respectivamente en 13,30% y 5,15% de los estudios. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la disnea, esputo carbonáceo, disfonía y dolor de garganta fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes en las víctimas de inhalación de humo tóxico. Son necesarios nuevos estudios con alto nivel de evidencia y mejor rigor metodológico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoke Inhalation Injury , Lung Injury , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning , Hydrogen Cyanide
4.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 37(11): 1241-1246, Nov. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-895371

ABSTRACT

The processing of Manihot esculenta (cassava) tubers yield different by-products, including cassava wastewater, which is the liquid pressed out of the tuber after it has been mechanically crushed. Cyanide poisoning after ingestion of cassava wastewater has been reported in ruminants and pigs in Northeastern Brazil. With the aim of studying its toxicity, cassava wastewater was administered orally to six sheep at doses of 0.99, 0.75, 0.70, 0.63, and 0.5 mg of hydrocyanic acid kg-1 body weight, which corresponded to 14.2, 10.6, 9.8, 8.89, and 7.1 mL of wastewater kg-1. On the second day, the sheep received a volume of wastewater which corresponded to 0.46, 0.34, 0.31, 0.28, and 0.23 mg of HCN kg-1. A sheep used as control received 9.9 mL of water kg-1 BW. Sheep that received from 0.75 to 0.99 mg kg-1 of HCN on the first day exhibited severe clinical signs of poisoning, and the sheep that received 0.63 and 0.5 mg kg-1 exhibited mild clinical signs. All sheep were successfully treated with sodium thiosulfate. On the second day, only the sheep that received 0.46 mg kg-1 and 0.34 mg kg-1 exhibited mild clinical signs and recovered spontaneously. The concentration of HCN in the wastewater was 71.69±2.19 μg mL-1 immediately after production, 30.56±2.45 μg mL-1 after 24 hours, and 24.25±1.28 μg mL-1 after 48 hours. The picric acid paper test was strongly positive 5 minutes after production; moderately positive 24 hours after production, and negative 48 hours after production. We conclude that cassava wastewater is highly toxic to sheep if ingested immediately after production, but rapidly loses toxicity in 24-48 hours.(AU)


O processamento dos tubérculos de Manihot esculenta (mandioca) produzem diferentes subprodutos, incluindo a manipueira, líquido que escorre das raízes da mandioca depois de ter sido mecanicamente prensada. A intoxicação por cianeto após a ingestão de manipueira tem sido relatada em ruminantes e suínos no Nordeste do Brasil. Com o objetivo de estudar sua toxicidade, administrou-se manipueira por via oral a seis ovelhas em doses de 0,99, 0,75, 0,70, 0,63 e 0,5 mg de peso corporal de ácido cianídrico kg-1, correspondendo a 14,2, 10,6, 9,8, 8,89 e 7,1 mL de manipueira kg-1 de peso corporal. No segundo dia, as ovelhas receberam um volume de manipueira que correspondeu a 0,46, 0,34, 0,31, 0,28 e 0,23 mg de HCN kg-1. Uma ovelha usada como controle recebeu 9,9 mL de água kg-1 de peso corporal. Ovelhas que receberam doses de 0,75 a 0,99 mg kg-1 de HCN no primeiro dia exibiram sinais clínicos graves de intoxicação e as ovelhas que receberam 0,63 e 0,5 mg kg-1 exibiram sinais clínicos leves. Todas as ovelhas foram tratadas com sucesso com tiossulfato de sódio. No segundo dia, apenas as ovelhas que receberam 0,46 mg kg-1 e 0,34 mg kg-1 apresentaram sinais clínicos leves e se recuperaram espontaneamente. A concentração de HCN na manipueira foi de 71,69 ± 2,19 μg mL-1 imediatamente após a produção, 30,56 ± 2,45 μg mL-1 após 24 horas e 24,25 ± 1,28 μg mL-1 após 48 horas. O teste de papel picrosódico foi fortemente positivo 5 minutos após a produção; moderadamente positivo 24 horas após a produção e negativo 48 horas após a produção. Concluímos que a manipueira é altamente tóxica para ovinos se ingeridas imediatamente após a produção, mas rapidamente perdem toxicidade em 24-48 horas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Manihot/toxicity , Sheep, Domestic , Foodborne Diseases/veterinary , Hydrogen Cyanide/toxicity
5.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(7): e00073416, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889719

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The cassava roots used for flour production contain high amounts of cyanogenic glycosides and are, therefore, potential hydrogen cyanide (HCN) releasers. This fact is the cause of an increasing health concern in the sector of cassava processing. Brazilian workers engaged in the flour production may be chronically exposed to HCN in levels above the safety limits. This hypothesis is based on the drastic reduction in cyanide content of cassava roots during a traditional Brazilian method of processing and in the physical properties of the compound, which makes it very susceptible to volatilization and air contamination. As an attempt to explore this issue, HCN exposure in Brazilian "flour houses" was evaluated in this study through environmental and biological monitoring. Four flour houses placed in Alagoas State, Brazil, were investigated. The results indicated that the cassava processors are chronically exposed to HCN at average levels between 0.464 and 3.328mg/m3 (TWA), in the work environment. This range is below the TLV-C of 5mg/m3 but not below the Action Level of 2.5mg/m3. These data may be interpreted as a possible risk to susceptible individuals. Additionally, the biological monitoring indicated a high cyanide exposure in the population study, considering urinary thiocyanate (SCN-) levels.


Resumo: As raízes da mandioca utilizadas na produção de farinha contêm altos teores de glicosídeos cianogênicos; portanto, representam fontes potenciais de liberação de cianeto de hidrogênio. Esse fato causa preocupação crescente quanto à saúde dos trabalhadores na indústria de processamento da mandioca. Os trabalhadores brasileiros na produção da farinha de mandioca podem estar cronicamente expostos ao cianeto de hidrogênio em níveis acima dos limites seguros. Essa hipótese é baseada na redução drástica do nível de cianeto nas raízes da mandioca durante o método tradicional de processamento no Brasil, e nas propriedades físicas do composto, fazendo com que seja altamente suscetível à volatilização e à contaminação atmosférica. Para explorar essa questão, o estudo avaliou a exposição ao cianeto de hidrogênio em casas de farinha brasileiras através da monitorização ambiental e biológica. Foram estudadas quatro casas de farinha localizadas no Estado de Alagoas. Os resultados mostraram que os trabalhadores no processamento da mandioca estão expostos cronicamente ao cianeto de hidrogênio em níveis médios entre 0,464 e 3,328mg/m3 (TWA). Essa faixa é abaixo do TLV-C de 5mg/m3, mas não abaixo do Nível de Ação de 2,5mg/m3. Os dados podem ser interpretados como de risco potencial para os indivíduos suscetíveis. Além disso, a monitorização biológica indicou exposição elevada ao cianeto na população do estudo, considerando os níveis urinários de tiocianato.


Resumen: Las raíces de la mandioca, utilizadas en la producción de harina contiene altas proporciones de glucósidos cianogénicos; por tanto, representan fuentes potenciales de liberación de cianuro de hidrógeno. Este hecho causa una preocupación creciente, en cuanto a la salud de los trabajadores en la industria de procesamiento de la mandioca. Los trabajadores brasileños en la producción de harina de mandioca pueden estar crónicamente expuestos al cianuro de hidrógeno a niveles superiores de los límites seguros. Esta hipótesis está basada en la reducción drástica del nivel de cianuro en las raíces de la mandioca durante el método tradicional de procesamiento en Brasil, y en las propiedades físicas del compuesto, provocando que sea altamente susceptible a la volatilización y a la contaminación atmosférica. Para explorar esta cuestión, el estudio evalúo la exposición al cianuro de hidrógeno en fábricas de harina brasileñas, a través de la monitorización ambiental y biológica. Se estudiaron cuatro fábricas de harina localizadas en el estado de Alagoas. Los resultados mostraron que los trabajadores en el procesamiento de la mandioca están expuestos crónicamente al cianuro de hidrógeno en niveles medios entre 0,464 y 3,328mg/m3 (TWA). Esta franja está por debajo del TLV-C de 5mg/m3, pero no por debajo del nivel de acción de 2,5mg/m3. Los datos pueden ser interpretados como de riesgo potencial para los individuos susceptibles. Además, la monitorización biológica indicó exposición elevada al cianuro en la población del estudio, considerando los niveles urinarios de tíocianato.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Manihot/chemistry , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Hydrogen Cyanide/analysis , Food-Processing Industry/statistics & numerical data , Reference Values , Time Factors , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Risk Factors , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Workplace , Hydrogen Cyanide/toxicity , Risk Assessment , Flour
6.
Fisioter. Bras ; 17(1): f: 41-I: 45, jan.-fev. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-876479

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O incêndio na Boate Kiss, em Santa Maria/RS, vitimou fatalmente 242 pessoas, asfixiadas pela inalação de fumaça, intoxicadas por monóxido de carbono e por cianeto de hidrogênio. Aproximadamente outras 1000 ficaram lesionadas e parte destas foi avaliada no Ambulatório de Fisioterapia do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). Objetivo: Descrever os resultados preliminares do processo de avaliação e da reabilitação físico-motora dos pacientes atendidos pela fisioterapia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo e descritivo realizado no Ambulatório de Fisioterapia do HUSM de fevereiro a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Foram avaliados 270 pacientes (147 homens), média de idade de 26,72 ± 9,5 anos, com aproximadamente 70% apresentando algum tipo de evidência clínica ou comprometimento funcional que indicou a necessidade de reabilitação. Os sinais e sintomas respiratórios prevalentes foram: tosse seca e produtiva (59,2%), fadiga (35,92%), dispneia (17,7%), dor torácica (16,6%) e alteração do ritmo respiratório (11,4%). Os sintomas neurológicos relatados foram: cefaleia persistente (88,51%), perda de memória (11,4%) e parestesia (8,1%). Lesões musculoesqueléticas (14,7%) e queimaduras extensas (8,8%) também foram observadas. Foram encaminhados para a reabilitação 189 pacientes. Conclusão: Houve prevalência de sintomas respiratórios, o que levou a necessidade de um programa de reabilitação em médio e longo prazo. As queimaduras, apesar de atingirem um número menor de vítimas, tiveram consequências mais graves devido à associação de lesões corporais com as respiratórias. (AU)


Introduction: The fire occurred at Kiss Nightclub in the city of Santa Maria/RS, fatally killed 242 people, asphyxiated by inhalation of smoke, intoxicated by carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Approximately another 1.000 were injured and some of these were evaluated at the Physical therapy Ambulatory of Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) Objective: To describe the preliminary results of evaluation process and physical-motor rehabilitation  of the patients treated by HUSM physical therapy. Material and methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study conducted at the Physical therapy Ambulatory of HUSM from February to December 2013. Results: 270 patients (147 men), mean age of 26.72 ± 9.5 years, were evaluated, of which approximately 70% had some type of clinical evidence or functional impairment that indicated the need for rehabilitation. The most prevalent respiratory signs and symptoms were: dry and productive cough (59.2%), fatigue (35.92%), dyspnea (17.7%), chest pain (16.6%) and abnormal respiratory rate (11.4%), Neurological symptoms such as: persistent headache (88.51%), memory loss (11.4%) and paresthesia (8.1%). Musculoskeletal injuries (14.7%) and extensive burns (8.8%) were also observed. 189 patients were referred for rehabilitation. Conclusion: There was a prevalence of respiratory symptoms that led to the need of a medium and long term rehabilitation program. The burns, despite reaching a smaller number of victims, had more serious consequences due to the association of corporal lesions with respiratory injuries. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Burns , Rehabilitation , Smoke Inhalation Injury , Carbon Monoxide , Fires , Humans , Hydrogen Cyanide
7.
Conscientiae saúde (Impr.) ; 14(2): 229-235, 30 jun. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-749

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O incêndio ocorrido na Boate Kiss, na cidade de Santa Maria-RS, em 27 de janeiro de 2013, vitimou fatalmente 242 sujeitos asfixiados pela inalação de fumaça tóxica, deixando, aproximadamente, outros mil feridos. Objetivo: Analisar os sinais e sintomas respiratórios, em médio prazo, apresentados pelas pessoas que inalaram fumaça tóxica no incêndio. Métodos: Realizou-se este estudo transversal no ambulatório do Centro Integrado de Atenção às Vítimas de Acidentes, localizado no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, na cidade de Santa Maria-RS. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 589 indivíduos (27,8±10,2 anos) que possuíam ou estavam cursando ensino superior. Os sinais e sintomas respiratórios mais prevalentes foram tosse produtiva, fadiga e opressão torácica. Conclusões: A persistência de sinais e sintomas respiratórios, após oito meses do episódio, representa um impacto à saúde das pessoas que inalaram a fumaça tóxica, havendo a necessidade de um monitoramento minucioso nos próximos anos.


Introduction: The fire occurred at Kiss nightclub in the city of Santa Maria-RS, on January 27, 2013, fatally killed 242 people, asphyxiated by inhalation of toxic smoke and approximately another one thousand were injured. Objective: To evaluate respiratory signs and symptoms in the medium term, shown by individuals who inhaled of toxic smoke in fire. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in the clinic of the Integrated Center for Attention to Victims, located at the Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, in Santa Maria-RS. Results: The sample consisted of 589 subjects (27.8 ± 10.2 years) who had or were attending higher education. The most common signs and respiratory symptoms were productive cough, fatigue and chest tightness. Conclusions: The persistence of signs and respiratory symptoms, after eight months of the episode, is an impact on the health of individuals who inhaled of toxic smoke. Thus, there is the need for careful monitoring in the coming years.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Carbon Monoxide/adverse effects , Smoke Inhalation Injury/complications , Hydrogen Cyanide/adverse effects , Health Profile , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Social Vulnerability
8.
Indian J Exp Biol ; 2014 Sept; 52(9): 917-920
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-153777

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from banana field rhizosphere produced different antifungal metabolites like bactriocin, hydrogen cyanide and siderophore. Bacteriocinogenic, siderophoregenic, and HCN rich broth of isolate inhibited the growth of phytopathogen like Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. The isolate exhibited more antifungal activity and comparatively low MIC vis-a-vis commonly used copper based systemic chemical fungicide;bil cop.


Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Crops, Agricultural , Fungi/drug effects , Hydrogen Cyanide , Musa , Pest Control, Biological , Pseudomonas/chemistry , Pseudomonas/metabolism , Rhizosphere , Siderophores , Soil Microbiology
9.
Mycobiology ; : 158-166, 2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-729230

ABSTRACT

In this study, bacterial strains were isolated from soils from 30 locations of Samcheok, Gangwon province. Of the isolated strains, seven showed potential plant growth promoting and antagonistic activities. Based on cultural and morphological characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these strains were identified as Paenibacillus species. All seven strains produced ammonia, cellulase, hydrocyanic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, protease, phosphatase, and siderophores. They also inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in vitro. The seven Paenibacillus strains enhanced a range of growth parameters in tomato plants under greenhouse conditions, in comparison with non-inoculated control plants. Notably, treatment of tomato plants with one identified strain, P. polymyxa SC09-21, resulted in 80.0% suppression of fusarium crown and root rot under greenhouse conditions. The plant growth promoting and antifungal activity of P. polymyxa SC09-21 identified in this study highlight its potential suitability as a bioinoculant.


Subject(s)
Ammonia , Cellulase , Crowns , Fusarium , Genes, rRNA , Hydrogen Cyanide , Solanum lycopersicum , Paenibacillus , Plants , Plasmodiophorida , Siderophores , Soil
10.
J. bras. pneumol ; 39(3): 373-381, jun. 2013. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-678250

ABSTRACT

In view of the tragic fire at a nightclub in the city of Santa Maria, Brazil, which culminated in the sudden death of 232 young people, we decided to review the literature regarding smoke inhalation injury caused by enclosed-space fires, which can be divided into direct thermal damage, carbon monoxide poisoning, and cyanide poisoning. Such injuries often call for immediate orotracheal intubation, either due to acute airway obstruction or due to a reduced level of consciousness. The diagnosis and the severity of the thermal injury can be determined by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The levels of gases and gas by-products in the bloodstream should be assessed as rapidly as possible, even while still at the scene of the incident. First responders can also treat carbon monoxide poisoning, with immediate administration of oxygen at 100%, as well as cyanide poisoning, with oxygen therapy and hydroxocobalamin injection.


Aproveita-se o trágico incêndio ocorrido em uma boate na cidade de Santa Maria, RS, que culminou na morte imediata de 232 jovens, para revisarmos a literatura com relação à lesão por inalação de fumaça em ambientes fechados, que pode ser dividida em dano térmico direito, intoxicação por monóxido de carbono e intoxicação por cianeto. Essas condições frequentemente levam à necessidade de intubação orotraqueal imediata, seja por obstrução aguda de vias aéreas, seja por depressão do nível de consciência. O diagnóstico e a gravidade da injúria térmica podem ser determinados pela fibrobroncoscopia. Quanto aos envenenamentos, a dosagem dos gases ou de seus subprodutos na corrente sanguínea é possível e deve ser realizada ainda na cena do incidente. Da mesma maneira, o tratamento da intoxicação por monóxido de carbono consiste na administração imediata de oxigênio a 100%, enquanto o da intoxicação por cianeto consiste em oxigenoterapia e hidroxicobalamina injetável como antídoto. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/therapy , Fires , Hydrogen Cyanide/poisoning , Smoke Inhalation Injury/therapy , Bronchoscopy , Burns/therapy , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/diagnosis , Disasters , Particulate Matter , Severity of Illness Index
11.
Toxicological Research ; : 91-98, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-59643

ABSTRACT

Armeniacae semen (AS) has been considered a toxic herb in the Korean medicine as it contains hydrogen cyanide and amygdalin, especially in its endocarp. Therefore, prebrewed AS that is devoid of endocarp has been traditionally used. In the present study, amygdalin content of the prebrewed AS was significantly lower (2.73 +/- 0.32 microg/ml; p < 0.01) than the content in the extract that contained the endocarps (28.50 +/- 6.71 microg/ml); amygdalin content corresponded to 10% of the extract in the present study. Because of single oral dose toxicity of prebrewed AS according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines (2009-116, 2009), which was based on single oral dose toxicity study of prebrewed AS, mortality due to toxic principles was significantly reduced. In this study, 2,000 mg/kg of prebrewed AS led to death of 1 female rat and 1 male rat at the end of 2 hr of administration. Based on these results, the 50% lethal dose in both male and female rats was determined to be 9279.5 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, and increases in respiration and heart rate were observed as prebrewed AS treatment-related toxicological signs; these signs were restrictedly manifested in the prebrewed AS (2,000 mg/kg)-treated rats. In addition, no changes were observed in body weight, organ weight, gross features, and histopathological parameters with 2,000 mg/kg of AS in both male and female rats. These findings serve as direct evidence that amygdalin in AS is the toxic principle, which can be reduced by the traditional prebrewing method involving the exclusion of endocarp.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Amygdalin , Body Weight , Heart Rate , Hydrogen Cyanide , Korea , Locomotion , Organ Size , Respiration , Seizures , Semen , United States Food and Drug Administration
12.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 62(2): 192-200, jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-710622

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se ha promovido el consumo de linaza (Linum usitatissimum L.) como alimento funcional por sus beneficios a la salud, atribuibles principalmente a su contenido de ácidos grasos omega-3, lignanos, y fibra dietaria. En este estudio se evaluó la calidad microbiológica, composición química y las propiedades antioxidantes de la semilla de linaza cultivada en Venezuela y se comparó con una variedad canadiense de amplia venta en el país. Se determinaron coliformes totales, mohos y levaduras, S. aureus, y esporulados de los géneros Bacillus (aerobios) y Clostridium (anaerobios), humedad, grasas, proteínas, fibra dietética total, soluble e insoluble, mucílago, minerales, perfil de ácidos grasos, contenido de HCN equivalente, aw, color, polifenoles y propiedades antioxidantes como Eficiencia Antirradical (EA), concentración de antioxidante necesario para disminuir la concentración inicial en 50 % (EC50) y el tiempo necesario para alcanzar la EC50 (TEC50). Se determinaron diferencias significativas en la composición de las semillas, resaltando su elevado contenido de grasa, proteínas, ácido alfa-linolénico y fibra dietaria. Se observaron diferencias en el contenido de mucílago, pero no en el de fibra soluble, insoluble y total. La concentración de HCN equivalente en ambas semillas es del orden de 40 mg/100 g, lo cual no representa riesgos a la salud, si se consideran sus formas de consumo. La linaza venezolana contiene mayor contenido de polifenoles que la canadiense, pero la capacidad antioxidante de esta última es mayor; ambas tienen una EA calificada como media (TEC50>30 min).


Characterization of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown in Venezuela. In recent years, the consumption of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been promoted as a functional food for its health benefits, mainly attributable to its content of omega-3 fatty acids, lignans and dietary fiber. This study evaluated the microbiological quality, chemical composition and antioxidant properties of flaxseed grown in Venezuela and compared them to the values of a Canadian variety widely sold in the country. Total coliforms, molds and yeasts, S. aureus and sporulated of the genera Bacillus (aerobic) and Clostridium (anaerobic), moisture, fat, protein, total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble, mucilage, minerals, fatty acid profile, equivalent HCN content, aw, color, polyphenols and antioxidant properties, like antiradical efficiency (AE), concentration of antioxidant needed to decrease the initial concentration by 50 % (EC50) and the time required to reach the EC50 (TEC50) were evaluated. Significant differences in seed composition were determined, where its high content of fat, protein, alfalinolenic acid and dietary fiber stand out. Differences were observed in the mucilage content, but not in soluble, insoluble and total fiber content. Equivalent HCN concentration in both seeds is in the order of 40 mg/100 g, which poses no health risks, considering their consumption patterns. Venezuelan flaxseed contains higher content of polyphenols than the Canadian does, but the antioxidant capacity of the latter is higher; both have an EA rated as average and a slow reaction time (TEC50> 30 min).


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/analysis , Flax/chemistry , Polyphenols/analysis , Seeds/chemistry , Canada , Food Microbiology , Functional Food , Flax/microbiology , Hydrogen Cyanide/analysis , Plant Mucilage/analysis , Seeds/microbiology , Venezuela
13.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 32(3): 217-220, Mar. 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-624112

ABSTRACT

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Sorghum sudanense (aveia de verão, capim-sudão) em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros no município de Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul. Essa planta é utilizada como forrageira em diversas regiões do estado; entretanto, intoxicações ocasionais são associadas com a formação de ácido cianídrico por hidrólise dos glicosídeos cianogênicos presentes na planta. Vinte e nove vacas Holandesas foram colocadas, no final do dia, em um potreiro de 800m², onde uma pastagem estabelecida de capim-sudão rebrotava e atingia 30cm de altura. Na manhã seguinte, quase todo pasto havia sido consumido e três vacas foram encontradas mortas. Não foram relatados sinais clínicos, mesmo porque os animais não foram observados durante a noite. Exceto pela presença de folhas mastigadas de capim-sudão nas proximidades da entrada do rúmen, não foram observadas alterações macro ou microssópicas. Amostras da planta de diferentes locais no potreiro foram positivas no teste do papel picrossódico. Esses achados sugerem que as três vacas foram afetadas por intoxicação cianídrica secundária ao consumo de Sorghum sudanense.


An outbreak of Sorghum sudanense (Sudan grass) poisoning affected three cows from a dairy herd in Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Although S. sudanense has been used as a source of forage for cattle, sporadic poisoning occurs in association with management failures of these pastures. Cyanogenic glycosides present in the plant may form hydrogen cyanide through hydrolysis and may cause livestock poisoning. Twenty-nine Holstein cattle were allowed to graze in an 800m² paddock, in which lush sprouts of sudanense were 30cm high. Animals were placed on pasture at evening and, in the next morning, most forage had been consumed and three cattle were found dead. No clinical disease was noticed. Except by the presence of chewed sudan grass leaves near to the entrance of the rumen, there were neither macroscopic nor microscopic changes, Samples of S. sudanense taken from different places in the paddock were positive when evaluated by the picrosodic paper test. Such findings suggested that those three cows were affected by cyanide poisoning secondary to Sorghum sudanense consumption.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Autopsy/veterinary , Hydrogen Cyanide/toxicity , Sorghum/poisoning , Sorghum/growth & development , Sorghum/toxicity , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
14.
Vitae (Medellín) ; 18(3): 319-324, sept.-dic. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610009

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se valida un método espectrofotométrico para la determinación de glucósidos cianogénicos (CGs) de acuerdo a los requerimientos de IUPAC y ICH para nuevos métodos. El método demuestra una buena linealidad en el rango de 0,1-0,88 μgg-1 de ácido cianhídrico (HCN). La exactitud del método está entre 95,2 y 96,4%. La precisión del método reflejada como la desviación estándar relativa de los replicados es menor al 12%. El método se compara con el método más usado para la detección de CGs en raíces de yuca, el método de Essers et al. Ambos métodos se usan en la cuantificación de CGs en productos comerciales de yuca. El nuevo método es una herramienta útil y confiable para monitorear los niveles de CGs en productos comerciales de yuca.


Subject(s)
Hydrogen Cyanide , Yucca
15.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 70(1): 41-46, jan.-mar. 2011. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-616837

ABSTRACT

O tucupi, produto amplamente consumido pela população do norte do Brasil, é obtido por meio de fermentação e cocção da manipueira, que é um subproduto da fabricação da farinha de mandioca seca. No processamento são utilizadas as raízes de mandioca que contêm elevado teor de ácido cianídrico (HCN), as quais quando ingeridas causam sério dano à saúde. No presente trabalho foram quantificados os teores de cianeto total e livre durante as etapas de processamento da manipueira desde a obtenção até a produção do tucupi. Além disso, foram determinados pH, acidez total titulável e teor de sólidos solúveis durante todas as etapas de processamento. A manipueira recém-extraída apresentou valores de 227,8 mg HCN/L de cianeto total e 46,6 mg HCN/L de cianeto livre. Após as etapas de fermentação houve decréscimo no teor de HCN, e o produto final (tucupi) apresentou valores de 37,1 mg HCN/L de cianeto total e 8,9 mg HCN/L de cianeto livre. Quanto aos demais parâmetros, os valores encontrados foram: pH (3,6), acidez total titulável (12,3 meqNaOH/100 mL) e sólidos solúveis (8,1 ºBrix). No presente estudo, o tucupi não apresentou valores elevados de cianeto total e livre após aplicação do processo de fermentação e cocção da manipueira.


Subject(s)
Hydrogen Cyanide , Fermentation , Manihot
16.
Acta amaz ; 40(1): 221-226, mar. 2010. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-546978

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a concentração de cianeto total durante as etapas de produção da farinha de mandioca dos grupos seca e d'água. Em relação à farinha seca, a concentração de cianeto total na raiz de mandioca diminuiu de 160±11,8 mg HCN/kg para 149±12,3 mg HCN/kg após a trituração, 68±2,5 mg HCN/kg após a prensagem e chegando a 5±0,2 mg HCN/kg no produto final, após o processo de torração. Na produção da farinha d'água, a raiz de mandioca apresentava teor de cianeto total de 321±21,6 mg HCN/kg e durante o processo de fermentação da raiz, o teor de cianeto total nas primeiras 24 horas de fermentação era de 297±2,7 mg HCN/kg chegando a 64±2,3 mg HCN/kg após 96 horas em repouso no tanque. Após trituração e prensagem da massa fermentada, os valores diminuíram para 50±0,6 e 36±0,4 mg HCN/kg, respectivamente, obtendo-se no produto final a concentração de 9±0,1 mg HCN/kg, sendo evidenciado a eficiência do processo de destoxificação em ambos os processamentos.


The aim of this work was to quantify the total cyanide concentration during the production stages of cassava flour from dry and water groups. In relation to dry flour, the total cyanide concentration in the cassava root reduced from 160±11.8 mg HCN/kg to 149±12.3 mg HCN/kg after grinding, 68±2.5mg HCN/kg after pressing and 5±0.2 mg HCN/kg was obtained in the final product after the roasting process. For the water flour production, the cassava root showed 321±21.6 mg HCN/kg total cyanide content, and during the fermentation process, the total cyanide content for the first 24-hour fermentation was from 297±2.7 mg HCN/kg reaching 64±2.3 mg HCN/kg after resting in a pool for 96 hours. After grinding and pressing the fermented roots, the values lowered to 50±0.6 and 36±0.4 mg HCN/kg, respectively. A concentration of 9±0.1 mg HCN/kg was obtained in the final product, evidencing the detoxification process efficiency in both processings.


Subject(s)
Manihot/toxicity , Manihot/chemistry , Hydrogen Cyanide/analysis , Identity and Quality Standard for Products and Services
17.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-134565

ABSTRACT

Hydrocyanic acid and various cyanides are relatively common poisons both in suicide, accident and occasionally homicide. Acute poisoning with cyanide is most often self administered as the swift and sure action is generally known. Accidental poisoning from inhalation of vapours due to fires in buildings or by the free gas liberated from some commercial processes is also known to occur. The preparations are rarely used with homicidal intent. Whatever be the manner of poisoning, in medical settings the persons involved in postmortem examination of cases of death of cyanide poisoning are exposed to significant degree of cyanide remaining in the body cavities and tissues of the deceased. This risk is not only for the persons attending postmortem examination but also for the first respondents like police, rescue persons and also persons extending emergency care both outside and within hospital. Hydrocyanic acid is rapidly absorbed from all mucous surfaces and even from unabraded skin .Hence attending a case of cyanide poisoning involves a hazard of inhalation of cyanide gas from the victim The hazards involved in such situations are briefly reviewed.


Subject(s)
Autopsy , Biohazard Release , Cyanides/poisoning , Humans , Hydrogen Cyanide/poisoning , Poisoning/chemically induced , Poisoning/complications , Poisoning/etiology , Poisoning/mortality
18.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 17(1): 20-32, jul. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-564757

ABSTRACT

El cianuro es uno de los tóxicos más peligrosos por su rápida y potente acción, muchas veces letal. Los diferentes tratamientos de la intoxicación tienen su base o explicación en el conocimiento de la toxicocinética y la toxicodinamia. La revisión de la toxicocinética del cianuro muestra que, si bien la vía de la tiosulfato-cianuro sulfotransferasa (rodanasa) es la principal vía metabólica, el complejo con albúmina sérica sería el primer proceso de detoxificación del cianuro en el metabolismo normal. El efecto protector de formadores de cianhidrinas en casos de intoxicación sigue siendo evaluado a nivel experimental. Los estudios actuales sobre la toxicodinamia del cianuro se enfocan en la afinidad de la unión del cianuro al centro binuclear hemo a3-CuB de la citocromo oxidasa en sus diferentes estados redox y enel mecanismo de inhibición de enzimas antioxidantes. Un mayor y mejor entendimiento de la detoxificación del cianuro así como de los mecanismos de acción tóxica podrían llevar al desarrollo de potenciales antídotos.


Cyanide is one of the most dangerous poisons because of its rapid and potent toxicity, most times with lethal outcomes. Different poisoning treatments are based on knowledge of cyanide’s toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic. The review of cyanide’s toxicokinetics shows that, although thiosulfate-cyanide sulfotransferase (rhodanese) is the major metabolic pathway, binding serum albumin would be the first process of detoxification of cyanide in normal metabolism. The protective effect of cyanohydrin formers in cases of poisoning remains experimentally evaluated. Cyanide’s binding affinity to the binuclear center heme a3-CuB of cytochrome oxidase within their different redox states and cyanide’s mechanism of inhibition of antioxidant enzymes are currently still being investigated. More and better understanding of cyanide’s detoxification pathways and/or mechanisms of toxic action could lead to the development of new potential antidotes.


Subject(s)
Hydrogen Cyanide/pharmacokinetics , Hydrogen Cyanide/toxicity , Antidotes/pharmacology , Hydrogen Cyanide/poisoning , Cyanides/poisoning
19.
Rev. nutr ; 21(3): 323-328, maio-jun. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-487553

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou quantificar o teor de ácido cianídrico em folhas de mandioca, que receberam tratamento prévio antes da secagem, e a concentração de ácido fítico na multimistura submetida à cocção úmida. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se a multimistura produzida pela Pastoral da Criança da cidade de Pelotas (RS), constituída por: farelos de trigo (30 por cento) e arroz (30 por cento): farinhas de milho (15 por cento) e trigo (10 por cento); pós de casca de ovo (5 por cento), de folha de mandioca (5 por cento) e de sementes (5 por cento, abóbora ou girassol). Foi realizada orientação ao fornecedor da folha de mandioca sobre a forma recomendada de preparo antes da secagem. RESULTADOS: O conteúdo de ácidos cianídrico e fitatos no suplemento alimentar foram respectivamente de 85mg.kg-1 e 35.90mg.100-1. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que a mudança na forma de secagem das folhas de mandioca foi eficiente para a redução de glicosídeos cianogênicos, e que o processo de torrefação dos ingredientes foi suficiente para produzir a redução de ácido fítico da multimistura aos níveis preconizados pela legislação, não sendo observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes quando comparadas as amostras que também foram tratadas com calor úmido.


OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to quantify the amount of hydrogen cyanide in cassava leaves that were treated before drying and the concentration of phytic acid in a multimixture submitted to wet cooking. METHODS: The multimixture produced by the Pastoral da Criança of the city of Pelotas (RS) consisting of wheat flour (30 percent), rice flour (30 percent), corn flour (15 percent), wheat (10 percent), egg shell powder (5 percent), cassava leaves (5 percent) and pumpkin or sunflower seeds (5 percent) was used. The supplier was advised on how to process the cassava leaves before drying them. RESULTS: The hydrogen cyanide and phytic acid contents of the feeding supplement are 85mg.kg-1 and 35.90mg.100-1 respectively. CONCLUSION: Changing the way the cassava leaves were dried was efficient to reduce the amount of cyanogenic glucosides. The cooking process of the ingredients was enough to reduce the phytic acid content in the multimixture to the levels recommended by the legislation. Significant statistical differences were not observed between these samples and those treated with moist heat.


Subject(s)
Hydrogen Cyanide/analysis , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Phytic Acid/analysis
20.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 1199-1201, 2008.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-275403

ABSTRACT

Enzymatic preparations obtained from young plants and cell cultures of capulin were screened for hydroxynitrile lyase activity. The three week old plants, grown under sterile conditions, were used to establish a solid cell culture. Crude preparations obtained from this plant material were evaluated for the transformation of benzaldehyde to the corresponding cyanohydrin (mandelonitrile). The results show that the crude material from roots, stalks, and leaves of young plants and calli of roots, stalks, internodes and petioles biocatalyzed the addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to benzaldehyde with a modest to excellent enantioselectivity.


Subject(s)
Acetonitriles , Metabolism , Aldehyde-Lyases , Metabolism , Benzaldehydes , Metabolism , Biocatalysis , Cells, Cultured , Hydrogen Cyanide , Metabolism , Nitriles , Metabolism , Prunus , Cell Biology
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